形式主语
形式主语(dummy subject) 是指在句子中没有实际意义的主语。
通常用于某些固定结构中,帮助构成句子结构,尤其是在没有明确主语的情况下。
英语中,最常见的 形式主语 是 it
和 there
。
形式主语的作用
- 充当主语的位置
在某些句子结构中,主语 位置是空缺的,需要用 it
或 there
来填补。
- 使句子语法上完整
某些句型结构需要有 主语 才能表达完整的意义,形式主语 充当这一角色。
it 作形式主语
形式主语(it) 是英语语法中的一个重要概念,用来充当句子的 主语。
尤其是在某些结构中,主语 位置上不需要具体的 名词
。
表达含义
表示 天气、温度、时间、距离等
形式主语
It is cold today.
今天很冷。
It is hot today.
今天很热。
It is 5 o'clock.
现在是五点钟。
It is far from here to the station.
从这里到车站很远。
表达 感受、意见、情况 或 状态
形式主语
It feels like summer today.
今天感觉像夏天。
It looks like it will rain.
看起来要下雨了。
引导强调句
请参考:强调 - it is / was 引导的强调句
引导的逻辑主语
不定式短语
注意:
这类句子中,不定式短语
为 逻辑主语,it
作 形式主语。
- 形容词(作表语) + 动词不定式
句式:
It + is / was + 形容词 + to do sth.
It is important to study every day.
每天学习很重要。
It is difficult to find a good job.
找到一份好工作很困难。
句式:
It + 动词 + 形容词 + to do sth.
It appears impossible to finish the task in one day.
看起来一天之内完成任务是不可能的。
It sounds interesting to visit that new museum.
参观那个新博物馆听起来很有趣。
It seems easy to find a solution to this issue.
解决这个问题似乎很容易。
- 形容词(作表语) + of + sb. + 动词不定式
不定式 前通常可加一个由 of
引起的 短语
,来说明 不定式
指的是 谁
的情况。
形容词 表示 不定式逻辑主语
的特征,即 形容词
用来描述不定式行为者的性格、品行等。
句式:
It + is / was + 形容词 + of + sb. + to do sth.
It was foolish of you to leave school.
= You were foolish to leave school.
你中途退学,真是傻瓜。
It was brave of her to speak out in public.
= She was brave to speak out in public.
她能当众大声讲话,真勇敢。
句式:
It + 动词 + 形容词 + of + sb. + to do sth.
It seems kind of her to help me with my homework.
She seems kind to help me with my homework.
她帮我做作业真是太好了。
It appears foolish of them to leave without informing anyone.
= They appear foolish to leave without informing anyone.
他们在没有通知任何人就离开,似乎很愚蠢。
It feels selfish of you to take all the credit for the project.
= You feel selfish to take all the credit for the project.
你把整个项目的功劳都归自己,感觉有点自私。
符合这种结构的 常用的形容词:
kind - 友善的,善良的
good - 好的
nice - 友好的,令人愉快的
clever - 聪明的,机智的
wrong - 错误的,不对的
right - 正确的,合适的
foolish - 愚蠢的
wise - 明智的
unwise - 不明智的
stupid - 愚蠢的
rude - 粗鲁的,无礼的
careless - 粗心的,不小心的
cruel - 残忍的
brave - 勇敢的
naughty - 调皮的,捣蛋的
polite - 礼貌的
selfish - 自私的
- 形容词(作表语) + for + n. / pron. + 动词不定式
要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的,可以使用此结构。
名词或代词 作不定式的 逻辑主语
,即表示 不定式
所指动作的 执行者
。
在此句型中,形容词
只对不定式行为者作某种描述,而不涉及其品行。
句式:
It + is / was + 形容词 + for + n. / pron. + to do sth.
It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.
对于一个人来说做点好事并不难。
It is common for leaves to fall from the trees in the fall.
秋天树叶从树上落下是常事。
句式:
It + 动词 + 形容词 + for + n. / pron. + to do sth.
It seems difficult for him to finish the project on time.
对他来说,按时完成这个项目似乎很困难。
It appears easy for her to learn new languages quickly.
她似乎很容易快速学习新语言。
It feels uncomfortable for me to speak in front of a large crowd.
在大群人面前讲话对我来说感觉不舒服。
- 名词(作表语)+ 动词不定式
常用的 名词 主要有 a pity
, a pleasure
, an idea
等。
句式:
It + is / was + 名词 + to do sth.
It is a great pleasure to do this.
很高兴能这样做。
It is a good idea to think this way.
这样考虑问题是个好办法。
句式:
It + 动词 + 名词 + to do sth.
It seems a pity to waste the food.
浪费这些食物真可惜。
It requires efforts to master a foreign language.
掌握一门外语需要种种努力。
It took us three years to complete the project.
我们花费三年时间才完成了这项工程。
It needed hard work to finish the job.
要完成这项工作需要努力地工作。
- 疑问句 和 感叹句
在 疑问句 和 感叹句 中,只能用 it
作 形式主语。
例句:
Isn't it a good idea to have a walk around?
出去兜一圈难道不是一个好主意吗?
What a pleasure it is to work with you!
同你一起工作是多么愉快啊!
动名词短语
注意:
这类句子中,动名词短语
为 逻辑主语,it
为 形式主语。
- 形容词(作表语) + 动名词短语
与 不定式
作 逻辑主语 的区别在于,动名词
说到的 动作
已经发生。
句式:
It + is / was + 形容词 + doing sth.
It is nice talking to you.
跟你交谈真是愉快。
It is foolish behaving like that.
这样的表现是很愚蠢的。
It is useless doing that.
那样做没用。
It is worth visiting the museum.
参观这个博物馆是值得的。
符合这种结构的 常用的形容词:
nice - 友好的,令人愉快的
good - 好的,优秀的
useless - 无用的,没有用处的
hard - 辛苦的,艰难的
foolish - 愚蠢的
enjoyable - 令人愉快的,值得享受的
worthwhile - 值得的,有价值的
- 名词(作表语)+ 动名词短语
句式:
It + is / was + 名词 + doing sth.
It is a waste of time doing this.
这样做是浪费时间的。
It is no good (use) doing that.
那样做没好处(没用)。
It is an awful job doing this.
做这事真是一件可怕的差事。
It is fun doing this.
做这事真有趣。
It is not an easy task doing this work.
做这工作真非易事。
符合这种结构的 常用的名词:
use - 使用,用途
good - 好处,优点
fun - 乐趣,娱乐
a waste of - 浪费,徒劳
job - 工作,职位
task - 任务,工作
名词性从句
注意:
这类句子中,名词性从句
为 逻辑主语,it
为 形式主语。
- It + is / was + 形容词(作表语) + 名词性从句
句式:
It + is / was + 形容词 + 名词性从句
It is important that you finish your homework on time.
你按时完成作业很重要。
It was clear that they had already made a decision.
很明显他们已经做出了决定。
It is surprising that he passed the exam without studying.
他没学习就通过了考试,真令人惊讶。
It is strange that she didn't reply to my message.
她没有回复我的信息,真奇怪。
It was unfortunate that the event was canceled.
活动被取消了,真不幸。
- It + 动词 + 名词性从句
句式:
It + 动词 + 名词性从句
It seems that she is feeling better today.
看起来她今天感觉好多了。
It appears that they have already left the party.
看起来他们已经离开了派对。
It looks like we are going to have good weather this weekend.
看起来这个周末我们将有好天气。
It sounds like you had a great time at the concert.
听起来你在音乐会上玩得很开心。
- It + is / was + 分词 + 名词性从句
句式:
It + is / was + 分词 + 名词性从句
It is known that he is a great scientist.
他是位伟大的科学家,这是众所周知的。
It was said that the event would be postponed.
据说活动将被推迟。
It is believed that the earth is round.
人们相信地球是圆的。
It was reported that the company made a huge profit.
据报道,公司赚了很多利润。
It is expected that the team will win the match.
人们期待着团队赢得比赛。
there 作形式主语
请参考:there be 句型